Purpose

I will try my best to provide detailed info on various cars and what is like to live with them, I have already produced a few for Jaguar-car-forums, I will do my best to be unbiased, but it will be hard for some cars. I will re-produce press releases and copy from other motoring news.

Sunday, 10 April 2016

Best-selling Audi A3 Hatchback benefits from a significant technology update, new engines & styling refinements

Best-selling Audi compact hatchback benefits from a significant technology update, new engines and styling refinements 
  • Now compatible with fully digital Audi virtual cockpit
  • Audi smartphone interface as standard and Audi phonebox with inductive charging
  • Updated MMI control logic, improved Audi connect option now incorporating embedded data SIM
  • Advanced new driver assist features including traffic jam assist and rear cross traffic assist
  • Enhanced standard specification now includes cruise control, light and rain sensors and three-spoke multi-function steering wheel
  • New engines: 1.0 TFSI three-cylinder and newly developed 2.0 TFSI
  • 10PS boost for S3 to 310PS, 20Nm torque increase to 400Nm with S tronic
  • Styling and lighting design revisions - Xenon or LED headlamps now standard, Matrix LED headlamps newly available
  • New colours and new wheel designs
  • Choice of SE, SE Technik, Sport or S line specifcation
  • Open for UK order in May, first deliveries in summer
The Audi A3 is accelerating to catch up with the Vorsprung durch Technik brand’s latest technological developments – a new, even more sharply styled A3 featuring new engines and accommodating the latest driver assistance and infotainment advances, including the standard-fit Audi smartphone interface and the optional fully digital Audi virtual cockpit, becomes available to order in May. 

The first three-door, five-door Sportback, Saloon and Cabriolet versions, headed by their respective S3 flagships, will arrive with UK customers from late summer. The plug-in hybrid A3 Sportback e-tron with its 176mpg capability and 37g/km CO2 output will also make its debut in updated form later this year. 
Controls & displays, infotainment and Audi connect
The highlight in the interior of the new Audi A3 is the Audi virtual cockpit, which can now be specified as an alternative to the standard analogue unit. This innovative operating concept, which is available for the first time in the compact class, displays the most important driving-relevant information in high resolution on a 12.3-inch diagonal TFT screen.
The driver can switch between two views by pressing the “View” button on the multifunction steering wheel. In classic mode, the instruments appear as large as the usual analogue displays. In infotainment mode, however, a central window predominates, which provides more space to the navigation map or shows lists for the telephone, radio and audio. The rev counter and speedometer appear as small round clocks.
The menu structure in the MMI system has also been redesigned. Operation with its flat hierarchies is based on smartphones. The centerpiece of the MMI terminal is the round rotary/push-button control, whose ring is illuminated in white in the top version. On its surface is the optional touch-sensitive touchpad for entering characters and for multi-finger gestures, allowing the driver to zoom within the map. Above and beside the rotary/push-button control are toggle switches and buttons with which the driver can navigate through the newly designed menu structure. The enhanced voice control for navigation, radio, media and phone now also understands many phrases from everyday language.
Audi connect in further simplified form
In infotainment, the new Audi A3 again sets new standards. The MMI radio plus with the electrically extended 7-inch diagonal monitor is standard equipment. MMI navigation (standard on SE Technik and above) and MMI navigation plus with MMI touch in conjunction with the Audi connect module bring many online functions into the car at high speed via the super-fast LTE standard. They include, for example, navigation with Google Earth and Google Street View traffic information in real time as well as practical information on parking, destinations, news or the weather.
When the optional Technology package which now includes a three year subscription to Audi Connect is specified, the flat rate data plan that enables owners to access Audi connect services is now included ‘out of the box’ thanks to the Audi connect SIM card pre-installed in the car. Customers receive this embedded SIM (e‑SIM) in combination with Audi connect in Europe. It permits roaming in most European countries.
The free Audi MMI connect app enables other services, such as online media streaming and transfer of a calendar from a smartphone to the MMI. The A3 e-tron also features services for programming the charging and the departure time and for the air conditioning.
Mobile phones with iOS and Android operating systems can now be connected with the car via the standard Audi smartphone interface, which made its debut in the latest Q7 and A4 models. The optional Audi phone box in the centre armrest uses near-field coupling to link smartphones wirelessly to the vehicle’s antenna and enables inductive charging.
For the first time in the Audi A3 range, two mobile phones can now be simultaneously connected via the Bluetooth hands-free profile when Audi Phone Box is specified, enabling the driver to connect his/her work and personal phone without having to switch between connections.
Driver assistance systems from the Audi full-size category
With numerous driver assistance systems, the new Audi A3 raises the bar in the premium compact segment yet again. New to this model and to the segment is the traffic jam assist system, which works together with Audi adaptive cruise control (ACC) to keep the A3 and S3 at a safe distance from the vehicle in front, and in combination with the S tronic transmission, automatically sets it in motion again after a short stop. In congested traffic, the system can even work in combination with Audi active lane assist to briefly take over the steering on well-surfaced roads at speeds of up to 40mph. Another new feature available for S tronic versions of the A3 family in conjunction with adaptive cruise control and Audi active lane assist  is the optional Emergency Assist, which initiates braking down to a safe stop if, despite warnings, no steering activity by the driver is detected.
The new rear cross-traffic assist can also be specified in combination with Audi side assist or the Audi parking system plus to warn the driver about cross traffic when slowly backing out of a perpendicular parking space, for example.
The further developed Audi active lane assist and Audi pre sense front, including predictive pedestrian protection, also make town and country driving even safer.
Subtle visual differentiation
Although hardly any change has been made to the dimensions – 4.24 metres in length with a wheelbase of 2.60 metres – the new Audi A3 looks more purposeful than ever. Its Singleframe grille features sharper lines and is broader, and its headlights are flatter, with distinctive outer contours.
The rear accentuates the width of the new A3 – with the horizontal illuminated graphics of the rear lights and the separation edge above the redesigned diffuser. The colour palette has also been expanded. Twelve paint colours are available to choose from depending on specification, including the five new colours Ara blue, Cosmic blue, Nano grey, Tango red and Vegas yellow.
Extensively updated: the engine line-up
The engine line-up for the Audi A3 comprises six engines (three petrol and three diesel units). Their power output ranges from 110PS to 190PS. All fulfil the EU6 standard.
The 1.0 TFSI engine is a new entry-level choice for the A3 range, and notable for creating its first ever three-cylinder variant. The compact engine delivers 115PS and 200 Nm (147.5 lb-ft) of torque at 2,000 to 3,500rpm, and its inherent efficiency  is achieved without sacrificing anything in terms of driving pleasure.
The 1.4 TFSI COD features cylinder-on-demand efficiency technology, turning off two cylinders when the corresponding output is not required. The engine with 1,395 ccm displacement offers 150PS and 250 Nm (184.4 lb-ft) of torque.
A technical highlight is the completely new 2.0 TFSI with its innovative combustion process. From a displacement of 1,984 ccm it generates 190PS, delivering 320 Nm (236.0 lb-ft) of torque at 1,500 to 4,200rpm.
The consistently popular 2.0-litre four-cylinder TDI engine with 1,968 ccm displacement will be available in two states of tune in the new A3 – 150PS and 340 Nm (250.8 lb-ft) at 1,750 to 3,000rpm – and slightly later with 184PS and 380 Nm (280.3 lb-ft) at 1,750 to 3,000rpm.
The entry-level diesel engine is the 1.6 TDI with 110PS. It is available in combination with the six-speed manual transmission or the S tronic seven-speed dual clutch transmission.
The 2.0 TFSI engines are joined by a fully newly developed seven-speed S tronic twin-clutch transmission with wet clutch. It replaces the previous six-speed dual clutch transmission with dry clutch.
The new Audi A3 transmits the engine power to the front wheels by default. For the petrol-engine versions, quattro all-wheel drive is available for the 2.0 TFSI with 190PS.
The suspension of the new Audi A3 impresses with its impressive combination of suppleness and balance. With the optional sport suspension (standard on S line models), the body sits 15 millimetres lower, and 25 millimetres lower with the optional S line sport suspension available at no extra cost. The electromechanical power steering is sensitive and efficient in operation. It can be upgraded in many models to the electrically powered progressive steering system that is standard in the S3 series.
The new Audi A3 rides on 16-inch alloy wheels in SE form, and on 17-inch and 18-inch wheels when equipped to Sport or S line specification respectively. The wide range of optional wheels ranging in size from 17-inch to 19-inch includes new designs. 
For the first time in the segment: Matrix LED headlights
The headlights of the Audi A3 provide a distinctive new look with their jagged bottom edges. Xenon plus units with LED daytime running lights are standard, with the exception of S line and S3 models which now automatically come equipped with LED headlights and LED rear lights incorporating sweeping dynamic rear indicators. For the first time, matrix LED headlights are offered as an option. Light and rain sensors are fitted as standard in all specifications.

Consistent lightweight design has brought the kerb weight of the Audi A3 with 1.0 TFSI engine down to just 1,150 kg – the lightest in its class. The body of the new Audi A3 is crashproof and rigid to a high extent. A noise-insulating windscreen is standard equipment.
The interior affords the top quality typical of Audi. Cruise control is now standard equipment on SE models, and the newly designed three-spoke steering wheel also fitted as standard to the entire range is available with heating as an optional extra. For more comfort on long journeys, Audi offers a driver seat with massage function in the new A3. Another highlight for S line models is the interior lighting package, now fitted as standard.
The new Audi A3 Sportback e-tron
The plug-in hybrid e-tron version of the A3 Sportback combines a 1.4 TFSI engine with 150PS and 250 Nm(184.4 lb-ft) of torque with an electric motor that produces 75 kW and 330 Nm (243.4 lb-ft). The system output of 204PS permits excellent response.
Full charging of the lithium-ion battery (8.8 kWh) from a 380-volt three phase-current supply takes a little over two hours.
More power: the new Audi S3
10PS more power and, in conjunction with the S tronic, 20 Nm (14.8 lb-ft) higher torque – the already potent S3 has developed its muscle as part of the wholesale overhaul of the A3 range. In addition, Audi engineers have integrated S3-specific control for the Electronic Stabilization Control (ESC) and the multi-plate clutch for improved driving dynamics, driving pleasure and safety. The 2.0 TFSI now generates 310PS and with S tronic delivers 400 Nm (295.0 lb-ft) over the large range of 2,000 to 5,400 revolutions per minute. The S3 Sportback, S3 Saloon and S3 Cabriolet also profit from the extensive new features.

BMW is another brand that is celebrating the 100 years this year, and they have a host of events planned.

  • Centenary Show with international top acts; three-day event in the Munich Olympic Park; 300 exhibition vehicles; more than 2,000 BMW Club members from around the globe.
On 7 March 2016 – one hundred years to the day since what’s now known as BMW AG was first entered into the commercial register – the BMW Group launched its 100th anniversary celebrations. 

Running under the motto THE NEXT 100 YEARS, a unique programme of centenary events is scheduled to travel the globe, with a particular highlight being the BMW Festival and BMW Festival Night from 9 to 11 September 2016 in Munich. 

Thousands of visitors from Germany and around the world are expected to attend the event, which will be held in the Munich Olympic Park, near to the birthplace of the company. Venues will include the Olympic Stadium, its parking area and Olympic Hall as well as BMW Welt and the BMW Museum.
BMW Festival – daytime schedule
From 9 to 11 September 2016, three days of events in the Munich Olympic Park will present the BMW brand along with its BMW M and BMW i sub-brands, BMW Motorrad and BMW Lifestyle
Covering an area of 110,000 square meters, the show will offer visitors the chance to experience the entertainment and excitement of the BMW brand and its products – past present and future.
In a unique brand presentation, guests from around the world including more than 2,000 international BMW Club members will experience the emotion and fascination of BMW to the full. In a relaxed and lively festival atmosphere, they will be able to immerse themselves in the world of future mobility and connectivity through interactive elements or by simply sitting back and enjoying the information, inspiration and fun. 
The experience zones will be spread out around the 300 or so classic and current vehicles. The day programme offers something to suit all ages and tastes and includes all sorts of surprises.
Admission to the daytime BMW Festival is free of charge for everybody.
BMW Festival Night
On 9 and 10 September 2016 the BMW Festival Night in the Munich Olympic Stadium will present the BMW brand’s success story and celebrate the next 100 years to come. Hosting the centenary show will be top German radio and television personality Thomas Gottschalk, who will wow audiences with a cast of prominent people and legendary cars and motorcycles. 
There will also be plenty of musical highlights, ranging from classical to pop, courtesy of an array of renowned international artists and groups, including the Munich Philharmonic Orchestra, Eva Lind, Peter Kraus, Lena, Simply Red and Sunrise Avenue.
Completing the package will be a series of captivating performances, such as the world famous ‘Red Bull Flying Bach’ by world champion breakdancers the Flying Steps.
Tickets for the BMW Festival Night on 9 or 10 September are available for purchase at www.bmw-festival.com or at München Ticket. The show programme is identical on both evenings.
The website also provides all the latest information about the BMW Festival schedule and the BMW Festival Night.
BMW Festival Night and BMW Festival – an overview:
BMW Festival Night:
  • Tickets are on sale now at bmw-festival.com or at München Ticket
  • Fast-paced musical centenary show with top personalities
  • Event on 9 and 10 September 2016
  • Show programme: identical on both evenings
  • Venue: Munich Olympic StadiumShow starts 7:30 pm
    • Doors open 5:00 pm
    • Show starts 7:30 pm
    • Show ends 10:30 pm
BMW Festival – daytime events:
  • Free admission
  • 3 days of varied entertainment across the Olympic Park
  • Highlights:
    • BMW VISION NEXT 100 on show in the Future Exhibition at BMW Welt
    • Family Photo: The latest range of BMWs take to the stage
    • BMW Clubs from around the world present their automotive gems in the parking area of the Olympic Stadium
    • Live drift-shows and taxi rides in the Olympic Stadium
    • Captivating experience zones
  • Opening times (may be subject to change):
    • Friday 9 September: 12:00 noon - 7:00 pm
    • Saturday 10 September: 10:00 am - 7:00 pm
    • Sunday 11 September: 10:00 am - 7:00 pm

100 years and selling better than ever, with a great range of pick ups and trucks, here's to the next 100 years.

  • Isuzu to celebrate centenary with ‘National Isuzu Day’ on 9 April 2016
  • New version of award-winning D-Max due to launch on National Isuzu Day, in addition to selection of other product deals and offers
  • Major events in history of iconic Japanese car manufacturer are remembered
To mark 100 years of vehicle production, numerous world firsts and a host of other accolades and successes, ‘National Isuzu Day’ this Saturday 9 April – the 100th day of 2016 – will celebrate the Japanese brand’s centenary in style. Dealers will launch a new edition of the D-Max pick-up as well as offering a host of new finance deals across the range.
New variant, new offers, new accessories
Possibly the most exciting action on National Isuzu Day will be the sales launch of a new variation of the D-Max. The new ‘Centurion’ special edition will be available for only 100 buyers. It provides a fitting platform to celebrate Isuzu’s 100 years, while retaining the award-winning pick-up’s acclaimed ruggedness, durability, versatility and interior refinement.

In addition to this new model, Isuzu is offering customers a selection of compelling offers. Most notably, the high-spec D-Max Utah double cab will be available from only £199 per month on contract hire purchase – ideal for any agricultural workers or tradespeople who need a versatile and dependable pick-up truck without any compromise on interior features and comfort.
A limited run of 100 voucher bundles are up for grabs to coincide with National Isuzu Day and with a value of £750, these can be put against the cost of a multitude of accessories. Extra items up for grabs include a Pedders Suspension Kit, Vision Pack infotainment system or Lazer Lamp additional LED kit, among other options.
With specification and body configuration combinations to suit every customer requirement, the new Centurion brings to 11 the number of standard variants of the award-winning D-Max pick-up available in the UK. In addition, the official Isuzu customisation options are vast, from cherry-pickers and fire-and-rescue units, to the Huntsman Pack for lovers of outdoor pursuits.
Launched in 2012, the versatile D-Max has helped Isuzu to continue to break sales records in the UK. With 6,220 vehicle registrations in 2015, Isuzu UK made a 13% year-on-year improvement while also recording 478% sales boosts compared to five years before.
A century of accomplishments
Isuzu’s sustained and impressive growth in the UK is representative of the global successes achieved by the brand year after year, all of which is founded on a rich 100-year history of accolades and world-first accomplishments.
Starting out as a merger between a shipbuilder and an energy provider in 1916, the first vehicle to roll off the production line was the A-9 in 1922. As the first passenger car ever built in Japan, it spearheaded one of the world’s biggest industrial success stories.
It wasn’t until 1949 that the ‘Isuzu Motors Limited’ name was adopted by the Japanese company, a brand name that has since adorned many hugely successful passenger cars, rugged 4x4s, pick-ups and commercial vehicles. Literally translated in English as ‘fifty bells’, the ‘50’ part of the name was represented by the Roman numeral, ‘L’, in the model names Bellel and Bellet, the very first Isuzu models released in Europe in the 1950s.
Since then, Isuzu has found global acclaim with vehicles released in over 100 countries. The Isuzu 117 Coupe was a pioneering concept, recognised as the first-ever sports car with a diesel engine. The Isuzu Piazza followed soon after as a unique fastback with all-wheel drive, and also the last conventional passenger car before Isuzu focused its attention to specialist 4x4 production.
Alongside a commercial vehicle division, large MPVs, SUVs, 4x4s and pick-ups have become Isuzu’s speciality. The most notable models from the 1990s and 2000s include the Trooper, VehiCROSS, MU and Rodeo.
Today’s D-Max
Since 2012, the D-Max has thoroughly cemented Isuzu’s reputation in the UK of making tough and rugged off-road pick-ups. At the heart of the D-Max remains the powerful-yet-efficient 2.5-litre twin-turbo diesel engine, producing 163 PS and 400 Nm of torque. Isuzu’s advanced power unit returns a highly impressive fuel economy of 38.7 mpg on a combined cycle. This efficiency does not compromise the D-Max’s workhorse credentials, with a heavyweight towing capacity of 3.5 tonnes (braked trailer) and 1,072 kg (manual) / 1,067 kg  (auto) payload.
Perfectly matching rugged ability with performance and comfort, the tough-yet-refined Isuzu D-Max is available in two- and four-wheel drive, and as a single-, extended- and double-cab. Buyers can opt for the functional ‘utility’ range of models or the more sophisticated ‘premium’ range that offer more creature comforts and styling enhancements.
The D-Max’s class-leading attributes have helped the pick-up win several prestigious industry accolades. In 2015 alone, it was awarded with the Trade Van Driver’s ‘Best 4x4 Trade Pick-Up’ prize for the second year and VansA2Z.com’s ‘Pick-Up of the Year’  accolade for the third time. The Isuzu D-Max is available prices starting from £14,999 (CVOTR) for the entry-level single cab 4x2, rising to £26,999 (CVOTR) for the range-topping Blade Auto double-cab 4x4.

The Awesome Aston Martin V12 Vantage S now available with seven speed manual transmission.

  • V12 Vantage S now available with manual transmission
  • 7-speed manual transmission features a ‘dog-leg’ first gear
  • 17MY highlights include new AMi III infotainment and satellite navigation system across all Aston Martin model lines
Underlining its commitment to building exceptional sports cars that appeal to the most discerning enthusiasts, Aston Martin has ushered in its 17MY range by offering the sensational V12 Vantage S with a manual transmission. 

True icons of pure performance blessed with exceptional agility, each V12 Vantage S transmission option delivers its own unique character and dynamic emphasis; the manual unashamedly championing classic tradition and total driver engagement, while the Sportshift™ III transmission offers a more contemporary driving experience. Both exude the unrivaled sporting qualities for which the V12 Vantage S is renowned.
Director of Product Development, Ian Minards said: “We’re all enthusiasts here at Aston Martin. Building cars that offer something exceptional is what we do. Technology drives us forward, but we understand the importance of tradition. The true purist will always hanker for the tactility and connection offered by a manual transmission, so it has been a real pleasure to offer just that in our fastest and most focused model. At a time when manual transmissions have almost entirely disappeared in high performance cars, this makes the manual V12 Vantage S a very special car indeed”.
The seven-speed manual transmission features a classic dog-leg first gear position; an echo from the past that will be welcomed by driving enthusiasts. This dog-leg configuration also ensures the gears used most frequently are located in a double ‘H‘ pattern like that of a conventional 6-speed manual.
The new manual transmission also features AMSHIFT. The system, which is driver selectable uses clutch, gear position and propshaft sensors, together with finely-tuned programming of the engine management, to mimic the technique of heel-and-toe downshifts; the act of blipping the throttle while braking and changing gear. AMSHIFT also offers the capability of full-throttle upshifts for maximum smoothness and minimal interruption in acceleration.
AMSHIFT can be used in all driving modes, but is especially effective in Sport, with the sharper throttle response and louder exhaust note really emphasising the downshift throttle blip for maximum excitement.
Offered as a no-cost option*, the manual V12 Vantage S is a series production model. Customers simply have to make the choice between manual and Sportshift™ III transmission when ordering their car. Both versions are otherwise mechanically identical, sharing the same chassis and brake packages and powered by the same 6.0-litre V12 engine.
Though their style of delivery are different, whether manual or Sportshift™ III, potent performance is guaranteed with the V12 Vantage S accelerating from a standstill to 62mph in 3.9sec and both can reach 205mph.
Aston Martin CEO Dr Andy Palmer said: "Broadening the scope of the V12 Vantage S with a manual transmission option is an indication of our desire to offer the keenest drivers a more analogue and immersive machine to enjoy. I'd like to take this opportunity to reiterate that the manual gearbox remains an integral part of our product plans and will do for many years to come."
A new Sport-Plus Pack option includes a raft of exterior and interior changes. Foremost amongst these is a choice of five body colours, which can be combined with no-cost optional accent colours applied to the front grille lipstick, side sills, mirror caps and rear diffuser blades. Ten-spoke graphite finish lightweight alloy wheels complete the Sport-Plus Pack’s exterior changes, while a choice of black or grey upholstery with stripes and contrast stitching offered in a range of accent colours create a suitably dramatic interior theme.
17MY also marks other important changes to the Vantage range, with the V8 models now consolidated into Coupe and Roadster versions of the V8 Vantage S. Mechanically unchanged, the timelessly stylish V8 Vantage S receives a range of small detail changes to the exterior and interior. Together with five new option packs offering broad scope for personalisation and even greater value the V8 Vantage S is a compelling and competitive entry point to the Aston Martin range.
One change to be implemented across all current model lines is the new AMi III infotainment system. This includes a new integrated Satellite Navigation system that offers significant improvements over the outgoing AMi II technology. Key areas of improvement are the integrated graphics, quicker and easier address input, reduced loading times, updatable maps, graphical itinerary planning, advanced traffic information, enhanced map graphics and a greater range of voice guidance options. AMi III also incorporates Apple© CarPlay© to enable the integration of iPhone© functions into the built-in display.
In addition to the new AMi III Infotainment and Satellite Navigation System upgrade, both 17MY Rapide S and Vanquish model lines are offered with a range of new option packs. Carefully created to simplify the specification process, these option packs continue to offer added value and a huge range of exterior and interior colour, trim and detailing combinations.
First deliveries of the manual V12 Vantage S are scheduled to begin during the third quarter of 2016.

MEXICO - Ford is investing in a new plant in Mexico’s San Luis Potosi State to produce more small cars

  • Ford is investing in a new plant in Mexico’s San Luis Potosi State to produce more small cars
  • The $1.6 billion USD investment will create 2,800 additional direct jobs by 2020
  • Construction begins this summer, with new small cars expected to start rolling off the line in 2018
Further increasing its competitiveness, Ford is investing in a new small car plant in Mexico, building a new manufacturing site in San Luis Potosi State. Ford is investing $1.6 billion USD in the facility, which begins construction this summer. The new plant will create 2,800 additional direct jobs by 2020.
The cars below are Ford products and until they announce what will be produced at the plant, the pictures are ONLY for illustrative purposes only.

Specific vehicles being produced at the new facility will be announced later. This investment comes during Ford’s 91st year in Mexico, including manufacturing vehicles since 1925. Ford and its 116 dealers this year also are celebrating 50 years of strong educational programs, including the construction and maintenance of nearly 200 rural schools throughout the country.
Mexico is Ford’s fourth largest vehicle manufacturing site for global customers – behind the U.S., China and Germany. Vehicles produced in Mexico also serve customers in the U.S., Canada, China, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Chile, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and South Korea.
The investment is part of the company’s One Ford global product and manufacturing plan. During the past five years, Ford has invested more than $10.2 billion in Ford facilities alone in the U.S. In addition, Ford has invested $2.7 billion in facilities and supplier tooling in Spain, $2.4 billion in Germany and – with the company's partners – $4.8 billion in China. All of these investments are part of the company’s plan to serve global markets and deliver profitable growth.