Purpose

I will try my best to provide detailed info on various cars and what is like to live with them, I have already produced a few for Jaguar-car-forums, I will do my best to be unbiased, but it will be hard for some cars. I will re-produce press releases and copy from other motoring news.
Showing posts with label Quattro. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Quattro. Show all posts

Monday, 10 July 2017

The world Debut of the All-New A8 gets shown to the world on the 11th July, cant wait.

Forthcoming Audi luxury saloon to feature advanced new camera-linked adaptive suspension for exceptional ride and handling composure
  • Global first: Raising the body during a side impact improves passive safety
  • Fully active suspension for maximum comfort and dynamism
  • 48-volt main electrical system powers electromechanical suspension system
  • Dynamic all-wheel steering resolves the conflict of aims between agility and stability
  • The new Audi A8 makes its world debut at the Audi Summit in Barcelona on July 11
  • Turning circle smaller than an A4 thanks to the option of all-wheel steering
Befitting of the premium brand’s flagship luxury saloon, the all-new Audi A8 makes its world debut at the first ever Audi Summit on July 11 with a host of innovative new technologies that will again elevate it to the pinnacle of Vorsprung durch Technik.
One of the myriad new features available for the most advanced Audi model ever launched will be active suspension, which through the use of advanced camera technology linked to individual electric motors for each wheel can adapt incredibly precisely to changes in the road surface and provide a more finely differentiated balance than ever before between a cosseting ride for the driven and a rewarding experience for the driver. 
This flexibility is made possible thanks to the new active suspension based on the 48-volt electrical system, which is used for the first time as the main electrical system.
The all-new active suspension on the Audi A8 is a fully active, electromechanical suspension system, which drives each wheel individually and adapts to the prevailing road conditions. The electric motor at each wheel is powered by the 48-volt main electrical system. Additional components include gears, a rotary tube together with internal titanium torsion bar and a lever which exerts up to 1,100 Nm (811.3 lb-ft) on the suspension via a coupling rod.
Predictive and preventative
Thanks to the front camera, the luxury saloon detects bumps in the road early on and predictively adjusts the active suspension. Even before the car reaches a bump in the road, the preview function developed by Audi transmits the right amount of travel to the actuators and actively controls the suspension.
In this way the suspension reacts precisely at the right time, virtually completely eliminating any vibrations and jolts. This complex process takes just a few milliseconds, with the camera generating information about the road surface condition 18 times a second.
The electronic chassis platform (ECP) processes the road surface information and precisely controls all suspension components almost in real time. In conjunction with the air suspension fine-tuned for the A8, the innovative suspension concept delivers an entirely new driving experience in this way. Irrespective of the high level of comfort, the new luxury saloon sits close to the road even with a dynamic driving style.
The active suspension specifically influences and minimises rolling movements when cornering, and pitching movements when braking or accelerating, for instance. The customer can drive dynamically while keeping the vehicle under control or work undisturbed in the rear.
The innovative combination of dynamic and rear axle steering resolves the conflict of aims between agility and stability in the shape of dynamic all-wheel steering: The steering characteristics are direct while ensuring a high level of handling stability; the steering feel encompasses a wide spread from comfortable through to intense feedback. The turning circle of the A8 is smaller than that of an A4.
In conjunction with the Audi pre sense 360˚ safety system, the active suspension on the new Audi A8 takes passive safety to a new level. The system uses the sensors networked in the central driver assistance controller (zFAS) to detect risks of a collision around the car. In the event of an imminent side impact at more than 15mph the suspension actuators raise the body on the exposed side by up to 80 mm within half a second. As a result, the collision is directed to the even stronger areas of the luxury saloon, such as side sills and floor structure. Hence the load on the occupants is reduced by up to 50 percent compared with a side impact where the body is not raised.

Thursday, 8 June 2017

Audi will embrace the future with two advanced new Q SUVs and three e-tron battery electric vehicles

Audi will embrace the future with two advanced new Q SUVs and three e-tron battery electric vehicles while also replacing five ‘core’ models
  • New model generations in five core series, expansion of SUV family, extensive electrification
  • Technology for driverless city cars ready for an initial small series by 2021
Audi is facing up to the challenges of the present day but also confidently embracing the future with ambitious plans. Following a year that was impacted by the diesel crisis, the company intends to continue pushing forward with its strategic transformation, the details of which have just been outlined to shareholders by the Board of Management at its Annual General Meeting in Neckarsulm, Germany.
“We are rejuvenating our model portfolio enormously and will renew five existing core model series by mid-2018,” stated Rupert Stadler, Chairman of the Board of Management of AUDI AG. 
PLEASE ACCEPT THE PICTURES AS DESIGN CONCEPTS AND NOT AS REAL CARS

“In addition, we will expand our successful Q family by 2019 with two new concepts – the Audi Q8 and the Audi Q4 – and we will launch our battery-electric e-tron models.” Audi plans to launch three new electric models by 2020, after which the brand will gradually electrify models in each of its core series.
The focus this year is on top-end models with the new generations of the Audi A8 and Audi A7. The premium manufacturer will unveil the A8 at the first Audi Summit to be held in Barcelona on July 11. With this new event concept, the Ingolstadt-based company will create an exclusive presentation format all around the Four Rings. “There, we will show the world everything that defines Vorsprung durch Technik and our brand,” explained Stadler.
Over 30% fully or partially electric sales by 2025
Audi is systematically utilising Group synergies in order to implement topics of the future even faster and more efficiently. In April, the brand agreed on new development cooperation with Porsche for future vehicle architectures. Part of the cooperation is the development of shared premium architecture for electrification – an effective lever to enhance the competitiveness of electric cars. By 2025, Audi intends to achieve a proportion of one third fully or partially electric models in its unit sales.
In addition to the traditional car business, the premium brand will expand its range of digital services in the future. With myAudi, the company aims to create a consistent entry into the brand’s digital world and establish a platform for a wide range of online services, which will be open also for third-party providers to offer services. Audi is also expanding its mobility services for urban areas and intends to offer them in more than 15 markets worldwide by the end of this decade.
With a subsidiary founded in March 2017, Audi will take over the leading role within the Volkswagen Group in the development of autonomous driving. Autonomous Intelligent Driving GmbH is working on the technology for driverless vehicles in urban environments, which will be applicable in models of various brands. The technology is to be ready for application in a first small series of cars early in the next decade.
“We are financing our transformation out of our own resources,” said Axel Strotbek, Member of the Board of Management of AUDI AG for Finance, IT and Integrity. “Our business operations are robust also in the currently challenging situation. On the side of expenditure and investment, our ‘Speed up!’ program is helping us to achieve a high level of efficiency and thus a maximum focus on the topics of the future.”
In the first quarter of 2017, the Audi Group achieved an operating profit of more than €1.2 billion. With an operating return on sales of 8.7 percent, the company clearly met its profitability target. The net cash flow increased to more than €1.5 billion.
In full-year 2017, the company intends to slightly increase deliveries of Audi-brand cars compared with the number of 1,867,738 automobiles delivered in 2016. Revenue should also slightly surpass the prior-year level of €59.3 billion. In terms of operating return on sales, following the 5.1 percent of last year, Audi now plans to achieve its strategic target corridor of 8 to 10 percent once again. In 2016, operating profit was reduced by €1.8 billion and operating return on sales by 3.1 percentage points due to special items in connection with the diesel crisis and Takata airbags.

Saturday, 20 May 2017

USA - Audi announces the 2018 Model year upgrades to a number of it's models.http://giosautocare.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/audi%20a3%20wagon%20for%202018%20update%20reviews.jpg

  • Full model line improvements for 2018 Model Year vehicles builds on 76 straight months of record sales
  • Sportier interior and exterior design packages offer more personalized options
  • Advanced driver assistance systems including Audi side assist, now standard on more models
Audi announced its lineup for the 2018 Model Year, including full-line pricing, numerous vehicle packaging enhancements and added standard features.
The lineup changes continues Audi’s growth strategy, with a focus on producing top-quality vehicles with offerings in the right segments, and significant enhancements in technology, design and driver-assistance systems. 
In the 2018 model year vehicles, more features become standard across the lineup, and sportier interior and exterior design packages offer more options for customers.
Highlights of the 2018 Model Year line-up changes are as follows:
2018 A3 Model Line
The 2018 A3 model line continues on its path of offering a strong entry to the Audi premium lineup, now with more standard technologies and driver assistance systems. 
New for this year, the Audi music interface with two USB ports for data and charging are now standard on all models and trims, as are heated front seats. 
A3 models at the Premium Plus trim are now standard equipped with Audi side assist and offer the Bang & Olufsen Sound System as part of the Technology package, which also includes MMI® Navigation plus and the Audi Virtual Cockpit. 
A new S sport package for the S3 combines red brake calipers and Audi magnetic ride into one offering, further underscoring the sporty character of the performance sedan. Also new for 2018, the A3 Sportback e-tron now offers an available 18-inch, multispoke design wheel with all-season tires as part of the Sport package.
2018 Audi A4 Model Line
As one of the brand’s bestselling models, the A4 model line continues to represent the best in every detail with more standard driver assistance systems and new design packages for the 2018 model year. 
The newly available Black optic plus package includes exterior design components such as 18-inch 10-Y-spoke gloss black wheels with all-season tires, red brake calipers, high-gloss black side sill blades, rear lip spoiler and exterior mirror housings in high gloss black. 
Also with the Black optic plus package, the interior receives a three-spoke, flat-bottom steering wheel with S badging, piano black inlays, a leatherette covered center console and door armrests, and contrast red stitching throughout the interior.
Added standard features on the Premium trim include heated front seats and S line exterior design elements. Audi side assist and Audi Pre Sense rear are now standard on the Premium Plus trim. 
On the Prestige Trim, driver assistance systems including Audi active lane assist, adaptive cruise control with stop & go, traffic sign recognition and high beam assistant are now standard, in addition to standard dual-pane acoustic glass for front side windows and leatherette covered center console and door armrests.
2018 A4 allroad
The A4 allroad, which offers the versatility of a wagon with an Audi level of luxury and refinement, now includes more standard driver assistance systems and technologies for 2018. 
Audi side assist and pre sense rear are now standard on Premium Plus and Audi active lane assist with adaptive cruise control and stop & go, high beam assistant and traffic sign recognition are all now standard on the Prestige trim. 
Ventilated front sport seats are now available as part of the warm weather package on the Premium Plus trim.
2018 A6 Model Line
The A6 models receive enhanced standard equipment for the 2018 Model Year. In addition to the 2.0T FWD and 2.0T quattro® variants, new this year, the A6 is now offered with a 3.0-liter TFSI® V6 engine and quattro® all-wheel drive that delivers 340 hp and 325 lb-ft of torque. 
MMI® Navigation plus and Audi advanced key are now standard equipment on the Premium trim level. Premium plus vehicles now include standard LED headlights and full LED interior lighting and Prestige trims now include top view camera as standard.
Newly available for 2018 on Premium Plus and Prestige trim, the Competition package includes black exterior mirror housings, red brake calipers and 20-inch, 5-double-spoke Titanium matte wheels with summer tires, sport suspension and a quattro sport differential. 
Interior enhancements as part of the Competition package include brushed aluminum inlays, S sport seats with diamond stitching, three-spoke flat bottom multifunction steering wheel with shift paddles and a black cloth headliner.
2018 Audi A7 Model Line
Similar to the A6 model line, the A7 models offer more standard equipment than ever before. The A7 with 3.0T V6 engine now delivers more horsepower and torque in addition to offering standard full LED ambient interior lighting on Premium Plus trims and standard corner view camera on Prestige trims. 
The newly available Competition package for A7 models includes black optic exterior elements, S-line bumpers, red brake calipers, sport suspension and a quattro sport differential in addition to sporty interior elements such as brushed aluminum inlays, flat bottom steering wheel and S sport seats with contrast stitching. 
For the 2018 model year, the S7 receives additional wheel and tire options including standard 20-inch, five-parallel spoke S-design wheels with summer tires, and available 21-inch 10-V-spoke Audi Sport wheels also with summer tires. 
The RS 7 receives standard 21-inch, five-spoke-blade-design wheels with summer tires in addition to added standard sport exhaust with black finishers.
2018 Audi A8
For the 2018 model year, the esteemed A8 continues its tradition of benchmark luxury offerings with enhanced packages. 
The A8 L equipped with the 3.0T six-cylinder engine now offers an available Executive package which includes 20-inch, five-spoke-Blade-design wheels with all-season tires and driver assistance systems such as Audi active lane assist, adaptive cruise control with stop & go, head-up display, Audi side assist and Audi pre sense rear. 
The Executive package also includes front seat ventilation with massage function, rear heated seats, a heated four-spoke multifunction steering wheel with shift paddles and a panoramic sunroof.
In addition to the 3.0T’s Executive package, 4.0T variants offer the available Executive plus package, adding rear seat comfort features including power lumbar support for rear outboard seats, separate power rear seats and rear seat ventilation with massage function.
Adding an even sportier character to the A8 model line, the Black optic packages are available in both 20-inch and 21-inch wheel sizes, and add black accents to the standard Sport style exterior package of the A8.
2018 Audi Q3 Model Line
For 2018, the compact Audi Q3 crossover now features standard S line exterior design elements including an S line front bumper, doors sills and badging, as well as heated front seats. 
A new Convenience package, available on the Premium trim, includes Audi advanced key, power tailgate, aluminum satellite inlays and an auto dimming interior mirror with compass. 
The Premium plus trim now includes standard Audi side assist and full-LED headlights and LED taillights with dynamic rear turn signals. 
The available Sport plus package for Premium Plus now also includes a three-spoke flat-bottom multifunction steering wheel with shift paddles in addition to a Black optic exterior kit, black roof rails and 19-inch, 10-spoke titanium design wheels with all-season tires.
2018 Audi Q7 Model Line
The updated Audi Q7 continues to set a benchmark in the luxury SUV segment offering segment-leading dynamics, driver assistance systems and advanced connectivity. For the 2018 model year, Audi advanced key now comes standard across all trims. 
Premium Plus models now include standard 3D BOSE Surround Sound system, and on 3.0T Prestige models, power door closers are now standard for increased functionality.
2018 Audi TT and TTS
The 2018 TT and TTS feature updated packages offering customers more refreshed design and technology options. Parking sensors are now standard equipment on the TT Coupe and Roadster. The available technology package now includes a 12 speaker, 680 watt Bang & Olufsen Sound System to deliver an impressive musical experience. 
Also new for the 2018 model year is an available S line competition package which includes high gloss exterior accents, brushed aluminum door sills and inlays, red brake calipers, S line sport suspension, leather/Alcantara-trimmed S sport seats with S line embossing and a flat-bottom multifunction S line steering wheel.
The 2018 TTS Coupe now offers an exclusive interior package that includes fine Nappa leather-trimmed S embossed front seats with contrast diamond stitching and extended leather trim and controls in three color options – Calendula Yellow, Crimson Red and Cloudy Gray.
2018 Audi R8 Coupe and Spyder
The R8, which shares approximately 50 percent of the same parts, including the V10 engine, with the R8 LMS racecar, now also features new design options in addition to more standard features. 
New for 2018, all R8 models will come standard equipped with Audi smartphone interface for compatible devices. A newly available Black optic package includes 20-inch, 10-spoke-Y design forged wheels in high gloss Anthracite finish with summer tires, gloss black exhaust tips, Mythos black side blades (V10 models only) and Titanium Black exterior trim. 
Full LED headlights with Audi laser light are available on V10 models and are standard equipment on the V10 plus.
Additional interior enhancements for the 2018 model year include standard Anthracite high-gloss inlays on V10 models and standard Carbon sigma high-gloss inlays on V10 plus models. 
Audi Sport badging on the front grille replaces the quattro badge on all R8 models, and Audi Sport puddle lights (visible when driver or passenger door is open) are now standard on all R8 models.
Additional Model Changes
The Audi A5 and Audi Q5 families are all-new for the 2018 model year. 
Model Year 2018 Manufacturer Suggested Retail Prices *Excluding destination charge, taxes, title, options and dealer charges. Dealer sets actual price.*
Model
Engine
Transmission
Premium
Premium Plus
Prestige
Single Trim
A3 Cabriolet
2.0T
FWD S tronic
$38,350
$41,600
$46,800
A3 Cabriolet
2.0T
quattro S tronic
$41,050
$44,300
$49,500
A3 Sedan
2.0T
FWD S tronic
$31,950
$35,200
$40,700
A3 Sedan
2.0T
quattro S tronic
$34,950
$38,200
$43,700
S3 Sedan
2.0T
quattro S tronic
$43,650
$48,950
A3 Sportback e-tron
1.4T
FWD S tronic
$39,500
$42,600
$48,100
A4 allroad
2.0T
quattro S tronic
$44,500
$47,200
$53,000
A4 sedan
2.0T
ultra FWD S tronic
$36,000
$39,200
$45,500
A4 Sedan
2.0T
quattro S tronic
$40,500
$43,700
$50,000
A4 Sedan
2.0T
quattro manual
$40,500
$43,700
$50,000
S4 Sedan
3.0T
quattro Tiptronic
$51,400
$55,800
A6 Sedan
2.0T
FWD S tronic
$49,700
$51,900
A6 Sedan
2.0T
quattro Tiptronic
$51,900
$54,100
A6 Sedan
3.0T
quattro Tiptronic
$56,500
$58,700
$61,400
S6 Sedan
4.0T
quattro S tronic
$71,900
$74,400
A7 Sedan
3.0T
quattro Tiptronic
$69,700
$72,400
S7 Sedan
4.0T
quattro S tronic
$81,200
$83,150
RS 7
4.0T
quattro Tiptronic
$113,900
RS 7 Performance
4.0T
quattro Tiptronic
$130,700
Q3
2.0T
FWD S tronic
$32,900
$35,800
Q3
2.0T
quattro Tiptronic
$35,000
$37,900
Q7
2.0T
quattro Tiptronic
$49,900
$53,900
Q7
3.0T
quattro Tiptronic
$56,400
$60,400
$65,400
R8 Coupe
V10
quattro S tronic
$164,900
R8 Coupe
V10 Plus
quattro S tronic
$194,400
R8 Spyder
V10
quattro S tronic
$177,100
TT Coupe
2.0T
quattro S tronic
$43,950
TTS Coupe
2.0T
quattro S tronic
$52,950
*Destination and delivery charge is not included in MSRPs listed. Destination charges on 2018 MY vehicles are as follows:
R8 model line $1,250
All other models $975

Sunday, 7 May 2017

The all new Audi RS5 Coupe is lighter and faster than the outgoing version, and just as evil.

New lighter, faster RS coupé to join UK Audi range with exceptional specification including valuable upgrades to dynamics and infotainment
  • All-new RS 5 Coupé available to order later this month priced from £62,900 OTR – first deliveries later this summer
  • New 2.9 TFSI with 450PS and 600Nm of torque from 1,900 – 5,000rpm
  • 0-62mph in just 3.9 seconds, 155mph top speed which can be increased to 174mph
  • Audi Virtual Cockpit with RS-specific displays and quattro sport rear differential fitted as standard to UK versions
  • Combined 32.5mpg and 197g/km of CO2 – a 17 per cent reduction
  • quattro all-wheel drive, wheel selective torque control and Audi drive select as standard
  • Overall weight reduction of up to 60kg
  • Optional carbon fibre roof and fully milled wheels
  • RS sport suspension with Dynamic Ride Control, RS exhaust system and dynamic steering also available
  • State-of-the-art driver assistance, safety and connectivity systems
Precision shares equal billing with power in the all-new Audi RS 5 Coupé, and this is particularly true of UK-bound examples which benefit from an enhanced specification bringing the pin-sharp clarity of the Audi Virtual Cockpit and the optimal handling adjustability delivered by the Audi sport differential as standard. The new high performance, high technology coupé with its advanced new 450PS V6 biturbo TFSI becomes available in the UK later this month priced from £62,900 OTR, and will touch down here later in the summer.
With 600 Nm (442.5 lb-ft) of torque, the new 2.9-litre V6 holds a 170Nm advantage over its naturally aspirated predecessor, and delivers it to the tune of a charismatic soundtrack reminiscent of the V6 TFSI powering the original B5 RS 4. The top model in the A5 family sprints from 0 to 62mph in just 3.9 seconds and with the optional dynamic package reaches a top speed of 174mph.
Two turbochargers positioned centrally between the cylinder banks guarantee exceptional response throughout the rev range, and combustion technology employing the B-cycle process with central direct injection ushers in a new level of efficiency for an RS model. Aided by a 60kg overall weight reduction versus the outgoing car, the V6 biturbo is capable of up to 32.5mpg combined, corresponding to 197 grams of CO2 per km – an efficiency gain of 17 percent over the previous model.
quattro with sport differential
The biturbo’s copious power is deftly managed by the eight-speed tiptronic transmission with optimised shift times and by the reworked five-link front and all-new five-link rear RS-specific suspension, which is of course supported by quattro permanent all-wheel drive. 
The centre differential-based system distributes drive forces in a 40:60 front-to-rear ratio favouring dynamic handling with optimal traction, and in UK specification models is augmented by the quattro sport differential, which also apportions torque optimally between the rear wheels to promote even greater handling adjustability.
For the most committed drivers Audi Sport also offers optional RS sport suspension with Dynamic Ride Control (DRC), ceramic brakes and dynamic steering with RS-specific tuning.
Pronounced air intakes, gaping oval exhaust tailpipes, quattro blisters complementing widened wheel arches and an exclusive honeycomb design for the single frame grille are among the features that render the elegantly updated A5 body fit to bear the RS badge. In this latest model, the look can also be further enhanced by new features such as a full carbon roof and by bundled appearance packs that accentuate the sill strips, mirror cappings and diffuser insert. 
The standard LED headlamps with their dynamic scrolling indicators can also be upgraded to Matrix LED units capable of intelligently diverting their high beam around oncoming and leading traffic for maximum illumination, and for maximum visual impact the sizeable 19-inch alloy wheels can also be upgraded to a 20-inch design.
Defining features also abound in the upscale and lavishly appointed interior. Fine Nappa leather-upholstered RS sport seats position the driver perfectly in relation to the flat-bottomed multifunction sport steering wheel and the tiptronic selector lever with its RS insignia. 
When the start button is pressed the exceptionally sharp and richly detailed graphics of the RS-specific, fully digital Audi Virtual Cockpit come to life. This standard feature of UK RS 5 models features a customisable display incorporating special RS screens providing information on tyre pressure, torque and g-forces. 
The list of driver assistants that feature as standard also includes the Audi side assist blindspot monitoring system, Audi hill hold assist and the Audi drive select adaptive dynamics system offering fine-tuning of engine response, transmission shift points, steering weighting and the operating characteristics of the quattro system and sport differential.
On the infotainment front, the RS 5 Coupé comes equipped as standard with the Audi Smartphone Interface bringing Apple Carplay and Android Auto on board, and with MMI navigation plus with MMI touch, which now also includes LTE internet connectivity as part of the Audi connect package. Thanks to the embedded Audi connect SIM, the flat rate data package for the connect services including Europe-wide roaming is free of charge for three years.
Further high-end technologies, including a head-up display and as many as 30 driver assistance systems are available from the options list to help the RS 5 remove even more layers of stress from every journey and leave drivers free to immerse themselves as fully as possible in the performance.

Saturday, 22 April 2017

Audi to add two new Q models the Q4 and flagship Q8 Crossover SUV.

  • Production of the Audi Q8 crossover SUV to start in Bratislava in 2018
  • Audi Q4 compact utility vehicle from GyÅ‘r as of 2019
  • Board of Management Member for Production Prof. Dr. Hubert Waltl: “Increased competitiveness in the SUV segment” 
Audi is to expand its portfolio with two new Q models and has announced where they will be built: Production of the Audi Q8 will start in Bratislava (Slovakia) in 2018 and the first Audi Q4 will drive off the assembly line in Győr (Hungary) in 2019.
“We will integrate two completely new Q‑models into the existing production network and will thus increase our competitiveness in an extremely important segment,” stated Audi’s Board of Management Member for Production and Logistics, Prof. Dr. Hubert Waltl.
With the Audi Q8, the brand will open up a new segment for its top-end models. The premium SUV in a coupe style combines great spaciousness with emotive design and offers the latest technologies in assistance and infotainment systems. 
Audi will produce the model in Bratislava as of 2018. The Audi Q7 has already been produced at the Slovakian plant since 2005. Meanwhile, the second generation of the large SUV is in production there, as an S version and as the Q7 e-tron plug-in hybrid.
In 2019, production of the Audi Q4 will start at Audi Hungaria in GyÅ‘r. With this model, the brand is entering the segment of compact utility vehicles (CUVs). Featuring a typical coupe-style silhouette, the Audi Q4 will be positioned between the Audi Q3 and Q5. And as of 2018, Audi Hungaria will also be responsible for production of the Audi Q3 compact SUV, which until then will continue to be produced in Martorell, Spain.